Understanding Antisemitism

Introduction

Antisemitism is often called the “oldest hatred” because it has persisted for over two thousand years, evolving to fit different political, religious, and social contexts. While its manifestations have changed, the core idea remains the same: discrimination, prejudice, and hatred toward Jewish people.

For teens and young adults, recognizing antisemitism is essential in preventing its spread, challenging misinformation, and fostering an inclusive society. The following explores the historical roots of antisemitism, how it has adapted to modern times, and how it has intensified globally—especially in media and online platforms—since October 7, 2023.

What is Antisemitism?

The International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) defines antisemitism as:
“A certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of antisemitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their property, toward Jewish community institutions and religious facilities.”

Critics of the IHRA definition of antisemitism argue that its accompanying examples effectively prohibit any criticism of Israel. However, this is not the case. The IHRA documentation clearly states that the examples may indicate antisemitism only in specific contexts. In other words, detractors misquote or misrepresent the definition, making it seem as though it unreasonably prevents criticism of Jewish people or of Israel, the historic homeland of the Jewish people. Antisemitism is not just a set of negative opinions—it has historically led to discrimination, violence, and even genocide, most notably during the Holocaust.

Historical Roots of Antisemitism

Antisemitism has evolved over centuries, adapting to the cultural and political landscapes of different eras. Below are some key historical manifestations:

1. Antisemitism in the Ancient World

  • Judeophobia in the Roman Empire (1st Century CE): Romans viewed Jewish monotheism and resistance to assimilation as a threat. The destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE and the Bar Kokhba revolt (132-136 CE) led to widespread Jewish persecution and diaspora.

2. Antisemitism in the Classic Christian World

  • Blood Libels: Accusations that Jews kidnapped and murdered Christian children for ritualistic purposes. This myth led to violent pogroms (mob attacks on Jewish communities) in Europe.
  • The Black Death (14th Century): Jews were falsely blamed for poisoning wells, leading to mass executions and expulsions.
  • Expulsions: Jews were expelled from England (1290), France (1306), and Spain (1492).
  • Economic Antisemitism: Jews were often forced into moneylending because they were banned from other professions, reinforcing stereotypes about Jewish financial control.

3. Antisemitism in the Classic Muslim World

While antisemitism in the Muslim world developed differently than in Christian Europe, Jews often faced discrimination and social restrictions under Islamic rule.

Jewish Status as Dhimmis

  • In many Muslim societies, Jews were classified as dhimmis—a protected but second-class group under Islamic law.
  • As dhimmis, Jews were required to pay a special tax (jizya) and often faced restrictions on building synagogues, riding horses, or dressing in ways that made them appear equal to Muslims.

Periods of Tolerance and Persecution

  • In some Islamic empires, Jews flourished as scholars, merchants, and diplomats (e.g., Muslim Spain during the “Golden Age”).
  • However, there were also periods of intense persecution:
    • The Pact of Umar (7th-9th Century): Outlined the restrictions on Jews and Christians in Muslim lands.
    • Forced Conversions and Massacres: In Persia (Safavid Empire), Yemen, and North Africa, Jews were sometimes forced to convert to Islam or face exile.
    • The 1066 Granada Massacre: A mob killed thousands of Jews in Muslim Spain, marking one of the deadliest attacks on Jews in the medieval period.
    • Ottoman Empire (15th-20th Century): While Jews were often tolerated, they were still socially inferior. At times, antisemitic policies or riots erupted, such as the Damascus Blood Libel of 1840.

Islamic Antisemitism in the Modern Era

  • Some Islamic movements in the 20th and 21st centuries have adopted antisemitic conspiracy theories, often blaming Jews for global problems.
  • Nazi propaganda influenced some Arab nationalist movements, leading to new forms of antisemitic rhetoric in the Middle East.
  • The Arab-Israeli conflict has intensified antisemitic attitudes in some Muslim-majority societies, where anti-Zionism has sometimes merged with traditional antisemitic beliefs.

Modern Manifestations of Antisemitism

Antisemitism has changed from religious and racial discrimination to new forms that target Jewish identity, the Holocaust, and the State of Israel.

1. Holocaust Denial and Distortion

  • Some claim the Holocaust was exaggerated or fabricated.
  • Others acknowledge the Holocaust but argue Jews exploit it for political gain.
  • Example: Iranian state media and some far-right and far-left groups promote Holocaust denial.

2. Conspiracy Theories

  • Financial Control: Claims that Jews secretly control global banks, Hollywood, or politics (e.g., George Soros conspiracy theories).
  • Dual Loyalty: Accusations that Jews are more loyal to Israel than their home countries.

3. Anti-Zionism vs. Antisemitism

Criticism of Israel’s policies is not inherently antisemitic, but it crosses the line when:

  • Israel is demonized (e.g., compared to Nazi Germany).
  • Israel is held to a double standard (criticized more than any other country for similar actions).
  • Jews worldwide are blamed for Israel’s actions (e.g., attacks on Jewish students over Israeli policies).

4. Antisemitism on Social Media

Social media has become a breeding ground for antisemitism.

  • Misinformation and Hate Speech: Viral memes spread Holocaust denial and Jewish conspiracies.
  • Targeted Harassment: Jewish users, celebrities, and activists face doxxing and threats.
  • Bot Networks: Some governments and extremist groups use social media bots to spread antisemitism.

5. Antisemitism in Pop Culture and News Media

  • Entertainment: Some artists promote antisemitic messages through music or symbols.
  • Mainstream Media: Bias in reporting often portrays Jews or Israel unfairly.
  • Sports and Public Figures: Athletes and influencers sometimes amplify antisemitic tropes.

Antisemitism Since October 7, 2023

On October 7, 2023, Hamas launched a large-scale terrorist attack against Israel, killing and kidnapping civilians. The conflict triggered a sharp rise in global antisemitism.

1. Physical Attacks on Jews

  • In the U.S.: Synagogues and Jewish schools have received bomb threats.
  • In Europe: Pro-Palestinian protests have turned violent, with attacks on Jewish-owned businesses.
  • In the Middle East: Increased calls for Jewish genocide in extremist circles.

2. Social Media Trends

  • #HitlerWasRight Hashtag: Resurfaced across platforms.
  • Deepfake Content: AI-generated images spreading Holocaust denial and false narratives about Jews.
  • Influencers Amplifying Hate: Some celebrities and activists have spread antisemitic rhetoric disguised as political activism.

3. University Campuses

  • Jewish students face harassment for supporting Israel or simply for being Jewish.
  • Some universities have failed to protect Jewish students from hate speech.

4. Government and Institutional Responses

  • France and Germany: Increased security at Jewish sites.
  • U.S. Congress: Hearings on antisemitism on college campuses.
  • United Nations: Calls to address rising antisemitism globally.

Conclusion: Why Understanding Antisemitism Matters

Antisemitism is not just a problem for Jewish people—it is a sign of broader intolerance in society. History has shown that unchecked antisemitism leads to violence and societal breakdown. By learning about its roots and modern manifestations, young people can play a role in combating this dangerous form of hatred.

How You Can Make a Difference

  • Educate Yourself and Others: Read reliable sources on Jewish history and antisemitism.
  • Speak Out: Challenge antisemitic comments and misinformation when you see them.
  • Report Hate Speech: Use platform tools to flag antisemitic content.
  • Support Jewish Communities: Attend interfaith and educational events to promote understanding.

Understanding the past helps us build a better future. Recognizing and challenging antisemitism ensures a more inclusive and respectful world for all.